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The extended evolutionary synthesis is an extension of the Modern Synthesis of evolution which revisits the relative importance of different factors at play in evolutionary theory, revisits several assumptions of the original synthesis, and augments the modern synthesis with additional causative factors in evolution.〔Wade, Michael J. (2011). ("The Neo-Modern Synthesis: The Confluence of New Data and Explanatory Concepts" ). BioScience 61: 407-408.〕〔John Odling-Smee ''et al''. ("The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions" ). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, August 2015.〕 The extended synthesis includes concepts and mechanisms such as multilevel selection theory, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, niche construction and evolvability.〔Danchin É, Charmantier A, Champagne FA, Mesoudi A, Pujol B, Blanchet S. (2011). ("Beyond DNA: integrating inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution" ). Nature Reviews Genetics 12: 475-486.〕〔Pigliucci, Massimo; Finkelman, Leonard. ("The Extended (Evolutionary) Synthesis Debate: Where Science Meets Philosophy" ). BioScience 64: 511-516.〕〔Laubichler, Manfred D; Renn, Jürgen. (2015). ("Extended evolution: A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Regulatory Networks and Niche Construction" ). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324: 565–577.〕 ==Early history== In the 1950s, biologist C. H. Waddington called for an extended synthesis based from his research on epigenetics and genetic assimilation.〔Wilkins, Adam S. (2008). ''Waddington's Unfinished Critique of Neo-Darwinian Genetics: Then and Now''. Biological Theory 3 (3):224-232.〕〔Massimo Pigliucci ''et al''. (2006). ("Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation" ). Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 2362-2367.〕〔Huang S. (2011). ''The molecular and mathematical basis of Waddington’s epigenetic landscape: A framework for post-Darwinian biology?'' BioEssays 34: 149-157.〕 In the 1980s, Stephen Jay Gould argued for an extended synthesis. This was based on his idea of punctuated equilibrium, the role of species selection shaping large scale evolutionary patterns and natural selection working on multiple levels extending from genes to species.〔Gould, Stephen Jay. (1980). ''Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?'' Paleobiology , Vol. 6, No. 1. pp. 119-130.〕〔Gould, Stephen Jay. (1982). ''Darwinism and the Expansion of Evolutionary Theory''. Science, New Series, Vol. 216, No. 4544. pp. 380-387.〕〔("A More Modern Synthesis" ). American Scientist.〕 Similar ideas were held by Niles Eldredge author of the book ''Unfinished Synthesis'' (1985).〔Vermeij, Geerat J. (1987). ''Unfinished Synthesis: Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought by Niles Eldredge''. The Quarterly Review of Biology. Vol. 62, No. 1. pp. 79-80.〕 Ethologist John Endler wrote a paper in 1988 discussing processes of evolution that he felt had been neglected.〔Endler, John A; McLellan, Tracy. (1988). ''The Processes of Evolution: Toward a Newer Synthesis''. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 19, pp. 395-421.〕 Others, such as researchers in the field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) called for an extended synthesis based on the opinion that the modern synthesis was mostly centered on genes and ignored the development of the organism, as well as morphological areas of biology.〔Bateson P. (2005). ''The Return of the Whole Organism''. Journal of Biosciences 30: 31-39.〕〔Huneman, Philippe. (2010). ''Assessing the Prospects for a Return of Organisms in Evolutionary Biology''. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32: 341-372.〕〔Gilbert S.F., Opitz G., Raff R. (1996). ''Resynthesizing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology''. Development and Evolution 173: 357-372.〕〔Müller, G. B. (2007). ''Evo-devo: Extending the evolutionary synthesis''. Nature Reviews Genetics 8: 943-949.〕〔("The Origins of Form" ). Natural History.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Extended Evolutionary Synthesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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